Role of nutrition in cancer

  • Chitra Kalaichelvan Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore
  • Vidya S Vuruputoor Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore
Keywords: Nutrition, Cancer.

Abstract

Cancer is a term that describes a collection of relatable diseases. Characteristic to a majority of cancers, a cell starts dividing uncontrollably and invades neighbouring tissues. Most cancers form solid tumours, except in the case of  leukaemia[1].Lifestyle and dietary measures can play a vital role in the prevention of many types of cancer[2]. This paper focuses on various dietary factors that either increases/ decreases cancer risk in individuals. Further, specific nutrients as an adjunct to chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of cancer are evaluated for their safety, effectiveness, and reliability.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

National Cancer Institute, What is Cancer, (n.d.). http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/what-is-cancer.

P. Anand, A.B. Kunnumakara, C. Sundaram, K.B. Harikumar, S.T. Tharakan, O.S. Lai, B. Sung, B.B. Aggarwal, Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes, Pharm. Res. 25 (2008) 2097–2116. doi:10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9.

J. Reedy, S.M. Krebs-smith, P.E. Miller, A.D. Liese, L.L. Kahle, Y. Park, A.F. Subar, Higher Diet Quality Is Associated with Decreased Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality among Older Adults 1,2, J. Nutr. 144 (2014) 881–889. doi:10.3945/jn.113.189407.881.

D. Ornish, J. Lin, J.M. Chan, E. Epel, C. Kemp, G. Weidner, R. Marlin, S.J. Frenda, M.J.M. Magbanua, J. Daubenmier, I. Estay, N.K. Hills, N. Chainani-Wu, P.R. Carroll, E.H. Blackburn, Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study, Lancet Oncol. 14 (2013) 1112–1120. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70366-8.

L.A. Torre, F. Bray, R.L. Siegel, J. Ferlay, J. Lortet-tieulent, A. Jemal, Global Cancer Statistics, 2012, CA a Cancer J. Clin. 65 (2015) 87–108. doi:10.3322/caac.21262.

A.J. Cross, M.F. Leitzmann, M.H. Gail, A.R. Hollenbeck, A. Schatzkin, R. Sinha, A prospective study of red and processed meat intake in relation to cancer risk, PLoS Med. 4 (2007) 1973–1984. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040325.

T. Key, A. Schatzkin, W. Willet, N. Allen, E. Spencer, R. Travis, Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer, Public Health Nutr. 7 (2004) 187–200. doi:10.1079/PHN2003588.

J.H. Fowke, F. Chung, F. Jin, D. Qi, Q. Cai, C. Conaway, J. Cheng, X. Shu, Y. Gao, W. Zheng, Urinary Isothiocyanate Levels , Brassica , and Human Breast Cancer Urinary Isothiocyanate Levels , Brassica , and Human Breast Cancer 1, (2003) 3980–3986.

N.P. Seeram, L.S. Adams, Y. Zhang, R. Lee, D. Sand, H.S. Scheuller, D. Heber, Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (2006) 9329–9339. doi:10.1021/jf061750g.

S. Chernomorsky, A. Segelman, R.D. Poretz, Effect of dietary chlorophyll derivatives on mutagenesis and tumor cell growth., Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 19 (1999) 313–22. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6866(1999)19:5<313::AID-TCM1>3.0.CO;2-G.

M.T. Simonich, P. a Egner, B.D. Roebuck, G. a Orner, C. Jubert, C. Pereira, J.D. Groopman, T.W. Kensler, R.H. Dashwood, D.E. Williams, G.S. Bailey, Natural chlorophyll inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rat., Carcinogenesis. 28 (2007) 1294–302. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgm027.

M.T. Simonich, T. McQuistan, C. Jubert, C. Pereira, J.D. Hendricks, M. Schimerlik, B. Zhu, R.H. Dashwood, D.E. Williams, G.S. Bailey, Low-dose dietary chlorophyll inhibits multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rainbow trout., Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (2008) 1014–24. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.034.

S. V Singh, S.K. Srivastava, S. Choi, K.L. Lew, J. Antosiewicz, D. Xiao, Y. Zeng, S.C. Watkins, C.S. Johnson, D.L. Trump, Y.J. Lee, H. Xiao, A. Herman-Antosiewicz, Sulforaphane-induced cell death in human prostate cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species., J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 19911–24. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412443200.

S. V. Singh, A. Herman-Antosiewicz, A. V. Singh, K.L. Lew, S.K. Srivastava, R. Kamath, K.D. Brown, L. Zhang, R. Baskaran, Sulforaphane-induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest involves checkpoint kinase 2-mediated phosphorylation of cell division cycle 25C, J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 25813–25822. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313538200.

A. V Singh, D. Xiao, K.L. Lew, R. Dhir, S. V Singh, Sulforaphane induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in cultured PC-3 human prostate cancer cells and retards growth of PC-3 xenografts in vivo., Carcinogenesis. 25 (2004) 83–90. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgg178.

H. Liang, Q.P. Yuan, H.R. Dong, Y.M. Liu, Determination of sulforaphane in broccoli and cabbage by high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Food Compos. Anal. 19 (2006) 473–476. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2005.11.005.

P. Jancova, P. Anzenbacher, E. Anzenbacherova, Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes., Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky. Olomouc. Czech. Repub. 154 (2010) 103–16. doi:10.5507/bp.2010.017.

J. Riby, G. Chang, G. Firestone, L. Bjeldanes, Ligand-independent activation of estrogen receptor function by 3, 3'-diindolylmethane in human breast cancer cells, Biochem Pharmacol. 60 (2000) 167–177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10825461%5Cnhttp://ac.els-cdn.com/S0006295200003075/1-s2.0-S0006295200003075-main.pdf?_tid=1b6dbe12-c597-11e3-8e80-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1397674034_c2591156d30c3636a0.

Q. Meng, F. Yuan, I.D. Goldberg, E.M. Rosen, K. Auborn, S. Fan, Indole-3-Carbinol Is a Negative Regulator of Estrogen Receptor-a Signaling in Human Tumor Cells, J. Nutr. 1 (2000) 2927–2931.

H. Leong, G. Firestone, L. Bjeldanes, Cytostatic effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane in human endometrial cancer cells result from an estrogen receptor-mediated increase in transforming growth factor-alpha expression, Carcinogenesis. 22 (2001) 1809–1817. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11698343%5Cnhttp://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/11/1809.full.pdf.

J.H. Fowke, C. Longcope, J.R. Hebert, Brassica vegetable consumption shifts estrogen metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women., Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 (2000) 773–779.

X. Ge, S. Yannai, G. Rennert, N. Gruener, F. Fares, 3,3'-Diindolylmethane induces apoptosis in human cancer cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228 (1996) 153–158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8912651%5Cnhttp://ac.els-cdn.com/S0006291X96916319/1-s2.0-S0006291X96916319-main.pdf?_tid=3c083a5c-c575-11e3-b499-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1397659486_7ecd0e0af42cd3cf4af.

X. Ge, F. Fares, S. Yannai, Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by indole-3-carbinol is independent of p53 and bax, Anticancer Res. 19 (1999) 3199–3203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10652612.

M. Katdare, M.P. Osborne, N.T. Telang, Inhibition of aberrant proliferation and induction of apoptosis in pre-neoplastic human mammary epithelial cells by natural phytochemicals, Oncol. Rep. 5 (1998) 311–315.

C. Hong, G. Firestone, L. Bjeldanes, Bcl-2 family-mediated apoptotic effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) in human breast cancer cells, Biochem Pharmacol. 63 (2002) 1085–1097. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11931841%5Cnhttp://ac.els-cdn.com/S0006295202008560/1-s2.0-S0006295202008560-main.pdf?_tid=0040934a-c578-11e3-b3d7-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1397660674_9ef909d0971b7e0d38.

K.E. Bradbury, P.N. Appleby, T.J. Key, Fruit , vegetable , and fiber intake in relation to cancer risk : findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) 1 – 4, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 100 (2014) 1–4. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071357.394S.

M. Epplein, X.-O. Shu, Y.-B. Xiang, W.-H. Chow, G. Yang, H.-L. Li, B.-T. Ji, H. Cai, Y.-T. Gao, W. Zheng, Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of distal gastric cancer in the Shanghai Women’s and Men’s Health studies., Am. J. Epidemiol. 172 (2010) 397–406. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq144.

P. Talalay, J.W. Fahey, Phytochemicals from cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism., J. Nutr. 131 (2001) 3027S–33S.

D.E. Brenner, Multiagent chemopreventive agent combinations., J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 34 (2000) 121–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10762024.

C.J. Torrance, P.E. Jackson, E. Montgomery, K.W. Kinzler, B. Vogelstein, A. Wissner, M. Nunes, P. Frost, C.M. Discafani, Combinatorial chemoprevention of intestinal neoplasia., Nat. Med. 6 (2000) 1024–8. doi:10.1038/79534.

C. a González, J. Salas-Salvadó, The potential of nuts in the prevention of cancer., Br. J. Nutr. 96 Suppl 2 (2006) S87–S94. doi:10.1017/BJN20061868.

P. Greenwald, C.. Clifford, J.. Milner, Diet and cancer prevention, Eur. J. Cancer. 37 (2001) 948–965. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00070-3.

P.M. Kris-Etherton, K.D. Hecker, A. Bonanome, S.M. Coval, A.E. Binkoski, K.F. Hilpert, A.E. Griel, T.D. Etherton, Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, Am. J. Med. 113 (2002) 71–88. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00995-0.

S. Charlet, L. Bensaddek, S. Raynaud, F. Gillet, F. Mesnard, M.-A. Fliniaux, An HPLC procedure for the quantification of anhydrosecoisolariciresinol. Application to the evaluation of flax lignan content, Plant Physiol. Biochem. 40 (2002) 225–229.

C. Hu, Y. V Yuan, D.D. Kitts, Antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, its aglycone secoisolariciresinol and the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in vitro, Food Chem. Toxicol. 45 (2007) 2219–2227. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.017.

D.D. Kitts, Y. V Yuan, A.N. Wijewickreme, L.U. Thompson, Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 202 (1999) 91–100. doi:10.1023/A:1007022329660.

A.J. Duffield-Lillico, B.L. Dalkin, M.E. Reid, B.W. Turnbull, E.H. Slate, E.T. Jacobs, J.R. Marshall, L.C. Clark, Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: An analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial, BJU Int. 91 (2003) 608–612. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04167.x.

C. Ip, D.J. Lisk, Characterization of tissue selenium profiles and anticarcinogenic responses in rats fed natural sources of selenium-rich products, Carcinogenesis. 15 (1994) 573–576. 8149465.

I. Eto, C. Krumdieck, Role of Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiencies in Carcinogenesis, in: L. Poirier, P. Newberne, M. Pariza (Eds.), Essent. Nutr. Carcinog. SE - 23, Springer US, 1986: pp. 313–330. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1835-4_23.

V. Herbert, The Role of Vitamin B12 and Folate in Carcinogenesis, in: L. Poirier, P. Newberne, M. Pariza (Eds.), Essent. Nutr. Carcinog. SE - 22, Springer US, 1986: pp. 293–311. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1835-4_22.

F.G.R. Prior, Theoretical involvement of vitamin B6 in tumour initiation, Med. Hypotheses. 16 (1985) 421–428. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(85)90064-7.

K. Wu, K.J. Helzlsouer, G.W. Comstock, S.C. Hoffman, M.R. Nadeau, J. Selhub, A prospective study on folate, B12, and pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (B6) and breast cancer., Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 8 (1999) 209–17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10090298.

R.M. Hoffman, Altered methionine metabolism, DNA methylation and oncogene expression in carcinogenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Rev. Cancer. 738 (1984) 49–87. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-419X(84)90019-2.

Z. SM, C. NR, A. CM, J. Gaziano, B. JE, M. JE, Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin b6, and vitamin b12 on cancer risk in women: A randomized trial, JAMA. 300 (2008) 2012–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.555.

G.G. Schwartz, D. Eads, A. Rao, S.D. Cramer, M.C. Willingham, T.C. Chen, D.P. Jamieson, L. Wang, K.L. Burnstein, M.F. Holick, C. Koumenis, Pancreatic cancer cells express 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase and their proliferation is inhibited by the prohormone 25-hydroxyvitamin D3., Carcinogenesis. 25 (2004) 1015–1026. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgh086.

T.C. Polek, N.L. Weigel, Vitamin D and prostate cancer, J Androl. 23 (2002) 9–17.

D. Feldman, A. V Krishnan, S. Swami, E. Giovannucci, B.J. Feldman, The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression., Nat. Rev. Cancer. 14 (2014) 342–57. doi:10.1038/nrc3691.

W. Demark-wahnefried, E. V Bandera, S. Gapstur, A. V Patel, American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention Reducing the Risk of Cancer With Healthy Food Choices and Physical Activity, CA. Cancer J. Clin. 62 (2012) 30–67. doi:10.3322/caac.20140.Available.

G.S. Omenn, G.E. Goodman, M.D. Thornquist, J. Balmes, M.R. Cullen, A. Glass, J.P. Keogh, F.L. Meyskens, B. Valanis, J.H. Williams, S. Barnhart, S. Hammar, Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (1996) 1150–1155. doi:10.1056/NEJM199605023341802.

G.S. Omenn, G.E. Goodman, M.D. Thornquist, J. Balmes, M.R. Cullen, a Glass, J.P. Keogh, F.L. Meyskens, B. Valanis, J.H. Williams, S. Barnhart, M.G. Cherniack, C. a Brodkin, S. Hammar, Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88 (1996) 1550–1559. doi:10.1093/jnci/88.21.1550.

O.P. HEINONEN, J.K. HUTTUNEN, D. ALBANES, J. HAAPAKOSKI, J. PALMGREN, P. PIETINEN, J. PIKKARAINEN, M. RAUTALAHTI, J. VIRTAMO, B.K. EDWARDS, P. GREENWALD, A.M. HARTMAN, P.R. TAYLOR, J. HAUKKA, P. JARVINEN, N. MALILA, S. RAPOLA, P. JOKINEN, J. KARJALAINEN, J. LAURONEN, J. MUTIKAINEN, M. SARJAKOSKI, A. SUORSA, M. TIAINEN, M. VERKASALO, M. BARRETT, G. ALFTHAN, C. EHNHOLM, C.G. GREF, J. SUNDVALL, E. HAAPA, M.L. OVASKAINEN, M. PALVAALHOLA, E. ROOS, E. PUKKALA, L. TEPPO, H. FRICK, A. PASTERNACK, B.W. BROWN, D.L. DEMETS, K. KOKKOLA, E. TALA, E. AALTO, V. MAENPAA, L. TIENHAARA, M. JARVINEN, I. KUULIALA, L. LINKO, E. MIKKOLA, J. NYRHINEN, A. RONKANEN, A. VUORELA, S. KOSKINEN, P. LOHELA, T. VILJANEN, K. GODENHJELM, T. KALLIO, M. KASKINEN, M. HAVU, P. KIRVES, K. TAUBERT, H. ALKIO, R. KOSKINEN, K. LAINE, K. MAKITALO, S. RASTAS, P. TANI, M. NIEMISTO, T.L. SELLERGREN, C. AIKAS, P.S. PEKKANEN, R. TARVALA, K. ALANKO, K. MAKIPAJA, S. VAARA, H. SIUKO, V. TUOMINEN, L. ALAKETOLA, A. HAAPANEN, M. HAVERI, L. KESKINISULA, E. KOKKO, M. KOSKENKARI, P. LINDEN, A. NURMENNIEMI, R. RANINEN, T. RAUDASKOSKI, S.K. TOIVAKKA, H. VIEROLA, S. KYRONPALOKAUPPINEN, E. SCHOULTZ, M. JAAKKOLA, E. LEHTINEN, K. RAUTASEPPA, M. SAARIKOSKI, K. LIIPPO, K. REUNANEN, E.R. SALOMAA, D. ETTINGER, P. HIETANEN, H. MAENPAA, L. TEERENHOVI, G. PROUT, E. TASKINEN, F. ASKIN, Y. EROZAN, S. NORDLING, M. VIROLAINEN, L. KOSS, P. SIPPONEN, K. LEWIN, K. FRANSSILA, P. KARKKAINEN, M. HEINONEN, L. HYVONEN, P. KOIVISTOINEN, V. OLLILAINEN, V. PIIRONEN, P. VARO, W. BILHUBER, R. SALKELD, W. SCHALCH, R. SPEISER, EFFECT OF VITAMIN-E AND BETA-CAROTENE ON THE INCIDENCE OF LUNG-CANCER AND OTHER CANCERS IN MALE SMOKERS, N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (1994) 1029–1035.

K.T. Kelsey, D.J. Hunter, W.C. Willett, C.H. Hennekens, J. Chen, M.J. Stampfer, H.L. Hough, A Prospective Study of W-Acetyltransferase of Colorectal Cancer1 Genotype , Red Meat Intake , and Risk, Color. Cancer. (1998) 3307–3311.

J.M. Gaziano, J.E. Mansoın, J.E. Buring, C.H. Hennekens, Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 669 (1992) 249–259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16597558.

E.B. Rimm, M.J. Stampfer, A. Ascherio, E. Giovannucci, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men, N Engl J Med. 328 (1993) 1450–1456. doi:10.1056/NEJM199305203282004.

M.J. Stampfer, C.H. Hennekens, J.E. Manson, G.A. Colditz, B. Rosner, W.C. Willett, Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women, N Engl J Med. 328 (1993) 1444–1449. doi:10.1056/NEJM199305203282003.

P.K. Mills, W.L. Beeson, R.L. Phillips, G.E. Fraser, Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men., Cancer. 64 (1989) 598–604. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3<598::AID-CNCR2820640306>3.0.CO;2-6.

P.H. Gann, J. Ma, E. Giovannucci, W. Willett, F.M. Sacks, C.H. Hennekens, M.J. Stampfer, Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis., Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 1225–1230.

American Institue for Cancer Research, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective., (2007).

Gladys Block, Vitamin C and cancer prevention : the epidemiologic, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 53 (1991) 270s–82s.

J.M. Gaziano, R.J. Glynn, W.G. Christen, T. Kurth, C. Belanger, J. MacFadyen, V. Bubes, J.E. Manson, H.D. Sesso, J.E. Buring, Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians’ Health Study II randomized controlled trial., JAMA. 301 (2009) 52–62. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.862.

R.B. Franklin, P. Feng, B. Milon, M.M. Desouki, K.K. Singh, A. Kajdacsy-Balla, O. Bagasra, L.C. Costello, hZIP1 zinc uptake transporter down regulation and zinc depletion in prostate cancer, Mol. Cancer. 4 (2005) 1–13. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-4-32.

B.J. Grattan, H.C. Freake, Zinc and Cancer: Implications for LIV-1 in Breast Cancer, Nutrients. 4 (2012) 648–675. doi:10.3390/nu4070648.

B. Jansson, Potassium, sodium, and cancer: a review, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 15 (1996) 65–73. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/9216787.

I.A. Abdelgawad, R.H. El-mously, M.M. Saber, O.A. Mansour, S.A. Shouman, Significance of serum levels of vitamin D and some related minerals in breast cancer patients, 8 (2015) 4074–4082.

K.L. Radimer, R. Ballard-Barbash, J.S. Miller, M.P. Fay, A. Schatzkin, R. Troiano, B.E. Kreger, G.L. Splansky, Weight change and the risk of late-onset breast cancer in the original Framingham cohort., Nutr. Cancer. 49 (2004) 7–13. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc4901_2.

K.B. Michels, A. Ekbom, Caloric restriction and incidence of breast cancer., Jama. 291 (2004) 1226–30. doi:10.1001/jama.291.10.1226.

T. Fung, F.B. Hu, C. Fuchs, E. Giovannucci, D.J. Hunter, M.J. Stampfer, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, Major dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer in women, Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (2003) 309–314. doi:ioi20062 [pii].

C. a Gonzalez, E. Riboli, Diet and cancer prevention: Contributions from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study., Eur. J. Cancer. 46 (2010) 2555–2562. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.025.

J.M. Poti, K.J. Duffey, B.M. Popkin, The association of fast food consumption with poor dietary outcomes and obesity among children: Is it the fast food or the remainder of the diet?, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99 (2014) 162–171. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.071928.

E. Giovannucci, E.B. Rimm, M.J. Stampfer, a Colditz, Intake of Fat , Meat , and Fiber in Relation to Risk of Colon Cancer in Men Intake of Fat , Meat , and Fiber in Relation to Risk of Colon Cancer in Men ’, (1994) 2390–2397.

K. Wakabayashi, M. Nagao, H. Esumi, T. Sugimura, Food-derived Mutagens and Carcinogens1, Cancer Res. 52 (1992) 2092–2098.

Y. Nakai, W.G. Nelson, A.M. De Marzo, The dietary charred meat carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine acts as both a tumor initiator and promoter in the rat ventral prostate., Cancer Res. 67 (2007) 1378–84. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1336.

D.S.M. Chan, R. Lau, D. Aune, R. Vieira, D.C. Greenwood, E. Kampman, T. Norat, Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies., PLoS One. 6 (2011) e20456. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020456.

J. Dich, S.H. Zahm, A. Hanberg, H.-O. Adami, Pesticides and cancer, Cancer Causes Control. 8 (1997) 420–443. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/cancercontroversies/pesticides/pesticides-and-cancer.

V. Mishra, M. Mishra, K.M. Ansari, B.P. Chaudhari, R. Khanna, M. Das, Edible oil adulterants, argemone oil and butter yellow, as aetiological factors for gall bladder cancer, Eur. J. Cancer. 48 (2012) 2075–2085. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.09.026.

U. Singh, N.K. Arora, Journal of Biological Sciences and Medicine, J. Biol. Sci. Med. 1 (2015) 59–64.

X. Shu, Y. Zheng, H. Cai, et al, SOy food intake and breast cancer survival, JAMA. 302 (2009) 2437–2443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1783.

C. Sanmartín, D. Plano, A.K. Sharma, J.A. Palop, Selenium Compounds, Apoptosis and Other Types of Cell Death: An Overview for Cancer Therapy, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13 (2012) 9649–9672. doi:10.3390/ijms13089649.

J. Lu, A. Holmgren, Selenoproteins, J Biol Chem. 284 (2009) 723–727. doi:10.1074/jbc.R800045200.

L.V. Papp, J. Lu, A. Holmgren, K.K. Khanna, From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health, Antioxid. Redox Signal. 9 (2007) 775–806. doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1528.

H. Zeng, M. Wu, J.H. Botnen, Methylselenol, a selenium metabolite, induces cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and apoptosis via the extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway and other cancer signaling genes., J. Nutr. 139 (2009) 1613–1618. doi:10.3945/jn.109.110320.1613.

Y. Cheng, U.H. Sk, Y. Zhang, X. Ren, L. Zhang, K.J. Huber-Keener, Y.-W. Sun, J. Liao, S. Amin, A.K. Sharma, J.-M. Yang, Rational incorporation of selenium into temozolomide elicits superior antitumor activity associated with both apoptotic and autophagic cell death., PLoS One. 7 (2012) e35104. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035104.

C. LC, C. GF, Jr, T. BW, et al, Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: A randomized controlled trial, JAMA. 276 (1996) 1957–1963. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540240035027.

J.A. Menendez, R. Lupu, R. Colomer, Targeting fatty acid synthase: potential for therapeutic intervention in her-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer, Drug News Perspect. (2005). http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_article_pr?p_JournalId=3&p_RefId=2766&p_IsPs=Y&p_ispdf=N.

J. a Menendez, L. Vellon, I. Mehmi, B.P. Oza, S. Ropero, R. Colomer, R. Lupu, Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS) suppresses HER2/neu (erbB-2) oncogene overexpression in cancer cells., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 10715–10720. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403390101.

Y. Okawa, T. Hideshima, H. Ikeda, N. Raje, S. Vallet, T. Kiziltepe, H. Yasui, S. Enatsu, S. Pozzi, I. Breitkreutz, D. Cirstea, L. Santo, P. Richardson, K.C. Anderson, Fatty acid synthase is a novel therapeutic target in multiple myeloma., Br. J. Haematol. 141 (2008) 659–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07114.x.

T. Puig, J. Relat, P.F. Marrero, D. Haro, J. Brunet, R. Colomer, Green tea catechin inhibits fatty acid synthase without stimulating carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 or inducing weight loss in experimental animals., Anticancer Res. 28 (2008) 3671–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19189648.

Published
2015-12-30
Section
Review Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Obs.: This plugin requires at least one statistics/report plugin to be enabled. If your statistics plugins provide more than one metric then please also select a main metric on the admin's site settings page and/or on the journal manager's settings pages.