Assessment of Pollution load of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria
Abstract
Eighteen Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) residue were measured in water, sediment, fish, soil and egg samples. These samples were collected from selected areas (Ilaje, Oko Oba, Iddo and Apapa) based on their proximity to anthropogenic activities that could result in the deposition of these pollutants in the lagoon. The analysis was done using gas chromatograph with pulsed flame photometric detector. The results show that total POPs concentration for all the sampling stations ranged from 2.12 - 5.66µg/L (water), 8.55 - 15.31µg/kg (sediment), 3.83 - 10.96µg/kg (fish), 1500.84 - 2495.73µg/kg (soil) and 3.92 - 9.56µg/kg (egg). The highest concentrations of individual OCPs were 4.53µg/kg (Endosulfan)(Apapa-water), 6.28µg/L (Endrin)(Ilaje-sediment), 5.83µg/kg (Endosulfan)(Ilaje-fish), 1710.06µg/kg (Endosulfan)(Apapa-soil), 4.42µg/kg (Endosulfan)(Ilaje-egg). The concentration of total POPs at the different sampling stations increased in this order; 2.12µg/L (Iddo), 3.88µg/L (Oko Oba), 3.96µg/L (Ilaje) and 5.66µg/L (Apapa) for water samples; 8.55µg/kg (Apapa), 8.94µg/kg (Iddo), 14.6µg/kg (Oko-Oba) and 15.31µg/kg (Ilaje). Sediment sample values were 3.83µg/kg (Iddo), 5.29µg/kg (Apapa) and 10.96µg/kg (Ilaje) and 9.58µg/kg (Oko Oba). Fish sample values were 1500.84µg/kg (Iddo), 1592.31µg/kg (Oko Oba), 1783.72µg/kg (Apapa) and 2495.75µg/kg (Ilaje). Soil sample values were 3.92µg/kg (Apapa), 4.12µg/kg (Iddo), 7.81µg/kg (Oko Oba) and 9.56µg/kg (Iddo). The concentration of total POPs in the various media increased in this order; 3.91µg/L (water), 6.36µg/kg (egg), 7.41µg/kg (fish), 11.85µg/kg (sediment) and 1843.16µg/kg (soil). This study indicates that water, sediment, fish, soil and egg samples collected from the Lagos Lagoon are contaminated with varying amounts of persistent organic pollutants, and need for enforcement of relevant legislation against polluters.
Downloads
References
UNEP. Draft Revised Guidance on the Global Monitoring Plan for Persistent organic Pollutants. Geneva, 137pp. 2011.
USEPA. Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response. Office of International Affairs (2610R) EPA160-F-02-001. pp26. 2002.
Adeboyejo, O. A., Clarke, E. O. and Olarinmoye, M. O. Organochlorine Pesticides residues in water, sediments, fin and shell-fish samples from Lagos lagoon complex, Nigeria. Researcher, 3(3):38-45. 2011.
Muino, M. A. F., M. T. Sancho, J. S. Gandara, J. M. C. Vidal, J. F. Huidobro and J. S. Lozano. Organochlorine pesticide residues in Galician (NW Spain) honeys. Apidologie 26:33-38. 1995.
Ruiz-Gil, L., R. Romero-Gonz_lez, A. G. Frenich and J. L. M. Vidal. Determination of pesticides in water samples by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J. Sep. Sci. 31:151–161. 2008.
Ló pez-Blanco, C., S. Gó mez-à lvarez, M. Rey-Garrote, B. Cancho-Grande, J. Simal Gándara. Determination of pesticides by solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorous detection in natural water and comparison with solvent drop microextraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 384:1002–1006. 2006.
Arias-Este´vez, M., E. Lo´pez-Periago, E. Martı´nez-Carballo, J. Simal-Ga´ndara, J. C. Mejuto and L. Garcı´a-Rı´o. The mobility and degradation of pesticides in soils and the pollution of groundwater resources. Agric. Ecosystems Env. 123:247–260. 2008.
Gonzalez-Lopez, N., R. Ria-otero, B. Cancho-Grande, J. Simal-Gandara and B. soto- Gonzalez. Occurrence of Organochlorine Pesticides in Stream Sediments from an Industrial Area. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48:296–302. 2005.
Rosa, M. Gonzalez-Rodrıguez, R. Rial-Otero, B. Cancho-Grande, J. Simal-Ga´ndara. Determination of 23 pesticide residues in leafy vegetables using gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and analyte protectants. Journal of Chromatography A. 1196–1197:100–109. 2008.
Lopez-Perez, G.C., M. Arias-Estevez, E. Lopez-Periago, B. Soto-Gonzalaz, B. Cancho-Grande and J. Simal-Gandara. Dynamics of Pesticides in Potato Crops. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:1797-1803. 2006.
Anetekhai MA, Akin-Oriola GA, Aderinola OJ, Akintola SL. Trace metal concentration in Macrobrachium vollenhovenii from Ologe Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Afrotropical Zoology, Special Issue (Proceedings of the Third International Conference on African Fish and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin, 10-14 November, 2003), pp. 25-29. 2007.
Miliadis, G.E. Gas chromatographic determination of pesticide in natural waters of Greece. Bull Environ. Contaminat. Toxic., 50, 247. 1993
Close, D. H. Biomonitoring at Rocky Mountain Arsenal using the Plains Pocket Gapher (Geomys bursarius). MS. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Co. 109 pp. 1996.
Allen, D. L. and D. L. Otis. Relationship between deer mouse population parameters and dieldrin contamination in the rocky mountain arsenal national wildlife refuge. Can. J. Zool. 76:243-250. 1998.
Cohn, J. P. A. Makeover for Rodey Mountain Arsenal: Transforming a Superfund Site into a National Wildlife Refuge. Biosci. 49:273-277. 1999.
Creekmore, T. E., D. G. Whittaker, R. R. Roy, J. C. Franson and D. L. Baker. Health status and relative exposure of mule deer and whitetailed deer to soil contaminants at the rocky mountain. Arsenal Environ. Toxicol. Chem.18:272-278. 1999.
O’Shea, T. J., A. L. Everette and L. E. Ellison. Cyclodiene Insecticide, DDE, DDT, Arsenic and Mercury Contamination of Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus) Foraging at a Colorado Superfund Site. Arch. Eviron. Contam. Toxicol. 40:112-120. 2001.
Ademoroti, C.M.A. Environmental chemistry and Toxicology. Foludex Press Ltd Ibadan pp. 79–209. 1996.
Bouwman, H., Coetzee, A., Schutte, CHJ. Environmental and Health implications of DDT- contaminated fish from the Pongola Flood Plain. J. Afr. Zool. 104: 275-286. 1990.
Codex, Alimentarium Commission (CODEX). Report of the twenty-seven session, Geneva, Switzerland; 28 June-July 3. 2004.
Isebor, C. E, Awosika L. and Smith S. V. Preliminary water, salt, and nutrient budgets for Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B 12729, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. University of Hawaii, 1000, Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. 2006.
Topouoglu, C.A.; Kirbasoglu, O. and Gungor, A. Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish coast of the black sea. The Science of the Total Environment 214: 113-121. 2002.
American Society for Testing Material. Determination of Organochlorine in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography, ASTMD 5812- 96. 2002.
United State Environmental Protection Agency. Manual of Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides Residues in Human and Environmental Samples, EPA-600/8-80-038. 1980.
Nwankwoala, A.U. and O. Osibanjo. Baseline levels of selected organochlorine pesticides in surface waters in Ibadan (Nigeria) by electron capture gas chromatography. Sci. Total Environ., 119:179–90 pp. 1992.
Ize-iyamu, O.K., Asia, I.O. and Egwakhide, P.A. Concentrations of residues from Organochlorine pesticide in water and fish from some rivers in Edo state, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 2 (9), pp. 237-241, September, 2007.
Copyright (c) 2015 Bulletin of Advanced Scientific Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: a) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. b) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. c) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
