Cytogenetic and Morphological Effects of Gamma Radiation Induced Mutation in Groundnut Varieties in Nigeria
Abstract
Groundnut is one of Nigeria's cash crops and export commodities before the discovery of oil. Since then, there has been geometric decline in the production of the crop in Nigeria due incidence of pests and diseases as well as weeds coupled with poor farming systems, especially in Northern Nigeria. This present study was aimed at inducing gamma radiation at various doses so as to evaluate its effects cytogenetically and morphologically on various varieties of groundnut grown in Nigeria. Cytogenetic and morphological effects of gamma radiation were carried out on five groundnut varieties in Nigeria (UGA7, EX-Dakar, MDR8-19, RRB and RMP12). The crops were irradiated with gamma radiation at 15, 20, 30 and 35 Krad doses. Germination rate decreased with increased dose. 85% at 15Krad and 11% at 35 Krad growths were recorded. RRB and MDR8-19 varieties showed the highest growth rate after treatment (89%), while RMP12 (22%) was the lowest. Induced gamma rays decreased the rate of seedling in dose dependent fashion, while seedling survival rate of the crops were high at 15 Krad (77.8%). Seedling survival rate was 100% in RRB variety at all doses. High doses of radiation delayed flowering in most of the varieties except RRB and MDR8-19. Early meiotic division coupled with chromosomal mutations were also recorded in anthers and root tips of the groundnut varieties. The results showed that gamma radiation has major beneficial effects on groundnut varieties. Thus, this idea can be incorporated in crop breeding to improve yields of crops.
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