Neurodevelopment Hypothesis of Schizophrenia and the Structural Neuroimaging as a Tool to Prove it
Abstract
Abstract: According to the neurodevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia it is a disorder due to brain damaging during the intrauterine or early childhood years, manifesting decades later symptomatically.
In a metaanalysis in 2001, 193 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural studies have been reviewed.
The data confirmed earlier findings by computer tomography (CT) studies – consistent enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles and decreased volume of the temporal lobe.
Decreased volume of the whole brain, ventricular dilatation, widening of the brain sulci are features defining brain atrophy.
The most common CT markers of defining the brain atrophy are:
1.Internal cerebrospinal fluid amplitudes:
Frontal horns index (FHI); Huckmann’s number (HZ); Cella media index (CMI); III and IV ventricle amplitudes.
2.External cerebrospinal fluid amplitudes:
Cizternae insulares, Frontal interhaemispheric sulcus, Number of the sulci, Sulci width
3.Temporal lobe amplitude
The new directions of studying the structural anomalies of the schizophrenic brain lean towards studying more homogenic groups of patients, linking the changes to actual stages of the disorder, comparing structural with functional changes.
Downloads
References
Murray RM, Bramon E In: BJ Sadock, VA Sadock, eds., 12.5 Developmental Model of Schizophrenia Part of "12 - Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders" Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005
Clementz BA, Iacono WG, Ficken J, Beiser M. A family study of nailfold plexus visibility in psychotic disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1992;31:378-390.
Waddington JL, Weller MPI. Schizophrenia, genetic retrenchment and epidemilogical renaissance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 990-994.
Cannon, M., Jones, P. B., Murray, R. M. [2002] Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: Historical and meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiat, 159:1080-1092.
Cantor-Graae E, McNeil T, Sjostrom K, Nordstrom L, Rosenlund T. Obstetric complications and their relationship to other etiological risk factors in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1994; 182 (11): 645-650.
Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiatr Res 1982/1983; 17:319-334.
Buka SL, Tsuang MT, Lipsitt LP. Pregnancy/delivery complications and psychiatric diagnosis. A prospective study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 151-156.
O'Callaghan E, Cotter D, Colgan C, Larkin C, Walsh D, Waddington JL. Confinement of winter birth excess in schizophrenia to those born in cities and its gender specificity. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166 (1): 51-54.
Daniel DG, Goldberg TE, Gibbons RD, Weinberger DR: Lack of a bimodal distribution of ventricular size in schizophrenia: A Gaussian mixture analysis of 1056 cases and controls. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30:887.
Walker, E., Lewine, R. J. [1990] Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. Am J Psychiatry, 147:1052-6.
Wright P, Gill M, Murray RM. Schizophrenia: genetics and the maternal immune response to viral infection. Am J Med Genet (Neuropsych Genet) 1993; 48: 40-46.
Warner R, De Girolamo G. Schizophrenia. VOZ, Geneva, 1996
Bradbury TN, Miller GA. Season of birth in schizophrenia: a review of evidence, methodology, and etiology. Psychol Bull 1985;98:569-594,
Buchsbaum MS, and Haier RJ, Psychopathology: Biological approaches. Annual Review of Phys¬iology 34:401-430, 1.983.
O'Callaghan E, Gibson T, Colohan HA, et al. Season of birth in schizophrenia: evidence for confinement of an excess of winter births to patients without a family history of mental disorder. Br J Psychiat 1991; 158: 764-769.
El-Khodor BF, Boksa P. Transient birth hypoxia increases behavioral responses to repeated stress in the adult rat. Behav Brain Res. 2000;107:171–175.
Martha E. Shenton Ph.D.,Marek Kubicki M.D., Ph.D., Editors:Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A.; Ruiz, Pedro,Title: Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th Edition Copyright ©2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hulka BS. Wilcosky TC. Griffith JS. Biological Markers in Epidemiology. New York, Oxford University Press, 1990.
Buckley PF, Dean D, Bookstein FL, et al. A three-dimensional morphometric study of craniofacial shape in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:606-608
Keshavan MS, Anderson S, Pettegrew JW. Is schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex—the Feinberg hypothesis revisited. J Psychiatr Res. 1994:28(3):239–265. Library Holdings.
Vesela Georgieva, Stefan Sivkov, Valentin Akabaliev, Yvetta Koeva, Roumiana Angelova, Tania Deneva [2007] CT Findings of Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients in Support of the Neurodevelopmental Hypotesis of the Disorder, Folia Medica XLIX11-15.
Gur RE. Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000; 57:769
Weinberger OR. Computed tomography (CT) findings in schizophrenia: speculation on the meaning of it all. J Psychiatr Res 1984; 1 8:477-490.
Olabi, B., Ellison-Wright, I., McIntosh, A. M., Wood, S. J., Bullmore, E., Lawrie, S. M. [2011] Are there progressive brain changes in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biol Psychiat, 70:88-96.
Weinberg, S. M., Jenkins, E. A., Marazita, M. L., Maher, B. S. [2007] Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: a metaanalysis. Schizophr Res, 89:72-85.
Ðœ.ЛеÑев, Ð.Танева, КомпютъртомографÑка диагноÑтика на мозъчната атрофиÑ, Ð¡Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ 1999г.
Copyright (c) 2015 Acta Medica Scientia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
A) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
B) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
C) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).